The five articles listed here offer good insights into Human Milk Oligosaccharides and their benefits for human health. If you wish to dig deeper, you can find a more comprehensive list of articles here to learn more about HMOs and breast milk.

1. A scientific review by Professor Lars Bode of the University of California, San Diego entitled “Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama”. This describes the benefits of human milk oligosaccharides for babies. You can find the article in Glycobiology, 2012, vol. 22 no. 9 pp. 1147–1162 or via the following link: Lars Bode article.
2. A scientific review by Professor Thierry Hennet and Dr Lubor Borsig of the University of Zürich entitled “Breastfed at Tiffany’s”. This describes the benefits of breast milk in general and human milk oligosaccharides in particular for babies. You can find the article in Trends Biochem Sci., 2016, Jun;41(6):508-518 or via the following link: Thierry Hennet article.
3. A scientific review by Dr Anna Kulinich and Professor Li Liu of the Nanjing Agricultural University entitled “Human milk oligosaccharides: The role in the fine-tuning of innate immune responses”. This describes how human milk oligosaccharides improve the immune system in infants and adults. You can find the article in Carbohydrate Research, 2016, 432, 62e70 or on the following link: Anna Kulinich article.
4. An article by Jessica Shugart entitled “Superhero sugars in breast milk make the newborn gut safe for beneficial bacteria”. This easy to read article describes the benefits of human milk oligosaccharides. You can find the article via the following link: Jessica Shugart article.
5. A scientific paper by Dr Emma Elison and several others entitled “Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2’FL and LNnT is well tolerated and shifts the intestinal microbiota”. This article describes the clinical trial results of our Human Natural Oligosaccharides on adult microbiota. You can find the article in Br. J. Nutr., 2016, Oct; 116(8):1356-1368 or via the following link: Emma Elison article. 

Further reading - Nestlé Nutrition Institute

If you are a healthcare professional, you can also find several articles on the website of the Nestlé Nutrition Institute via the following link: NNI/human-milk-oligosaccharides.

Further reading – National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

You may also visit the PubMed website for further biomedical literature and publications on HMOs

1. Vigsnæs, L and McConnell, B, “Human Milk Oligosaccharides; a new strategy against post-antibiotic Clostridium difficile?”; UEG J; Oct 2017

2. Vigsnæs, L, Elison, E, and McConnell, B, “Human milk oligosaccharides; now as powerful, specific modulators of the adult gut microbial community”, The 11th Vahouny Fiber Symposium; June 2017

3. Chichlowski, M. et al. Bifidobacteria isolated from infants and cultured on human milk oligosaccharides affect intestinal epithelial function; 2012¸J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 55(3):321-327.

4. Šuligoj, T.; Vigsnæs, L.K.; Abbeele, P.V.; Apostolou, A.; Karalis, K.; Savva, G.M.; McConnell, B.; Juge, N. (2020). Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on the Adult Gut Microbiota and Barrier Function. Nutrients, 12(9), 2808.

5. Li M et al. Human milk oligosaccharides shorten rotavirus-induced diarrhea and modulate piglet mucosal immunity and colonic microbiota, 2014, ISME J 8(8):1609-20.

6. Comstock et al. Dietary Human Milk Oligosaccharides but Not Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Increase Circulating Natural Killer Cell and Mesenteric Lymph Node Memory T Cell Populations in Noninfected and Rotavirus-Infected Neonatal Piglets, 2017, J Nutr doi: 10.3945/jn.116.243774

7. Puccio, G. et al, Effects of Infant Formula With Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth and Morbidity: A Randomized Multicenter Trial; J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Apr; 64(4):624-631

8. Elison, E. et al, Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2′-O-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose is well tolerated and shifts the intestinal microbiota, 2016, Br J Nutr; 116(8):1356-1368.