Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins, produced with the lowest environmental footprint, in the right amounts, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions, to optimize:
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All ingredients in animal feed are regularly evaluated and likewise vitamin levels and ratios require the same degree of attention. We therefore encourage the feed industry and all other stakeholders to check the vitamin levels in their animal feed. Always.
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and ratios appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. To accomplish this, we are intensely engaged in research and development and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders – leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, and customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines.
Vitamins contribute to more sustainable farming
Take our interactive dsm-firmenich Vitamin Supplementation Guideline for a test drive today. There may be improvements to your feed mixture which can benefit people, the planet and your bottom line.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3 | 25OHD3 (Hy*D) | Vit. E (3,4) | Vit. K3 | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | Biotin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Vit. C (8) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Broilers Starter | 1-10 days | 12,600-15,700 | 4,200–5,200 | 0.069 | 160-210(5) | 3.2–4.2 | 3.2–4.2 | 8.4–10.5 | 4.2–6.3 | 0.021-0.042 | 64-84 | 0.26-0.42 | 16-21 | 2.1–2.6 | 105–210 | 420–740 |
| Grower | 11-24 days | 10,500-13,100 | 4,200–5,200 | 0.069 | 55-105(6) | 3.2–4.2 | 2.1–3.2 | 7.4–9.5 | 4.2–6.3 | 0.021-0.032 | 64-84 | 0.26-0.42 | 12.6-19 | 2.1–2.6 | 105–210 | 420–740 |
| Finisher | 25 days -market | 10,500-13,100 | 4,200–5,200 | 0.069 | 55-105(6) | 3.2–4.2 | 2.1–3.2 | 6.3–8.4 | 4.2–6.3 | 0.021-0.032 | 53-84 | 0.26-0.42 | 10.5-15.8 | 2.1–2.6 | 105–210 | 420–630 |
| Broiler breeders Starter/Grower (Pullets) | 1-18 weeks | 10,500-13,100 | 3,150–5,200 | 0.069 | 105-160(5) | 3.2–6 | 2.5–5 | 9–15 | 4.2–6.2 | 0.025-0.05 | 32-62 | 0.26-0.42 | 15-20 | 1.6 – 3 | 105–160 | 370–740 |
| Layers and male breeders | 19 weeks-end | 12,600-15,700 | 3,150–5,200 | 0.069(2) | 105-160 | 6–9 | 3.5–6 | 13–20 | 5-8 | 0.035-0.07 | 55-70 | 0.3-0.6 | 16-25 | 2.5 – 5 | 105- 160 | 370–740 |
2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing
Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Poultry.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3 | 25OHD3 (Hy*D) | Vit. E(3,4) | Vit. K3 | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | Biotin | d-Pantothenic acid | Folic acid | Vit. C (8) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Turkeys Starter | 1-6 weeks | 12,600-15,700 | 4,200-5,200 | 0.092 | 160-210(5) | 4.2-5.2 | 4.7-5.2 | 16-21 | 6.5-7.5 | 0.042-0.052 | 105-160 | 0.26-0.42 | 32-37 | 4.2-6.2 | 105-210 | 1,050-1,250 |
| Grower | 7-12 weeks | 10,500-12,600 | 3,200-5,200 | 0.092 | 65-85 | 3.2-4.2 | 3.2-5.2 | 11-16 | 5.5-7.5 | 0.032-0.042 | 85-105 | 0.26-0.32 | 21-26 | 2.1-3.1 | 105-210 | 525-1,050 |
| Finisher 1 | 13-18 weeks | 8,400-10,500 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.092 | 32-52(6) | 3.2-4.2 | 3.2-4.2 | 8.5-10.5 | 3.2-6.2 | 0.022-0.032 | 65-85 | 0.21-0.26 | 16-21 | 2.1-2.6 | 105-210 | 420-630 |
| Finisher 2 | 19 wks-market | 6,300-9,400 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.092 | 32-52(6) | 3.2-4.2 | 2.2-3.2 | 8.5-10.5 | 3.2-6.2 | 0.016-0.026 | 52-63 | 0.21-0.26 | 16-21 | 2.1-2.6 | 105-210 | 420-630 |
| Turkey breeders Starter | 1-6 weeks | 12,600-14,700 | 4,200-5,200 | 0.092 | 105-160(5) | 4.2-5.2 | 4.7-5.2 | 16-21 | 6.5-7.5 | 0.042-0.052 | 105-160 | 0.42-0.62 | 32-37 | 4.2-6.2 | 105-210 | 1,050-1,250 |
| Grower | 7-29 weeks | 8,400-10,500 | 4,200-5,200 | 0.092 | 65-85 | 2.2-4.2 | 2.2-3.2 | 11-16 | 6.5-7.5 | 0.032-0.042 | 65-85 | 0.42-0.62 | 26-31 | 2.2-3.2 | 105-210 | 1,050-1,250 |
| Layers and male breeders | Laying phase | 12,600-14,700 | 4,200-5,200 | 0.092(2) | 105-160 | 4.2-5.2 | 4.2-5.2 | 16-21 | 6.5-7.5 | 0.042-0.052 | 85-125 | 0.42-0.62 | 32-37 | 4.2-6.2 | 105-210 | 525-1,050 |
2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Hens and Duck Layers Starter (Pullets) | 1-10 weeks | 12,600-14,000 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.069 | 55-100(5) | 3.2-6 | 2.1-2.6 | 7-10 | 4.7-6 | 0.026-0.032 | 52-65 | 16-18 | 1.5-2 | 0.16-0.21 | 105-160 | 210-420 |
| Rearing (Pullets) | 11 wks-2% lay | 10,500-13,000 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.069 | 35-100 | 3.2-6 | 2.1-2.6 | 5.5-6.5 | 3.2-5.5 | 0.025-0.03 | 35-65 | 12.6-15.7 | 1.5-2 | 0.12-0.20 | 105-160 | 210-420 |
| Layers | Laying phase | 8,500-13,000 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.069 | 25-50 | 3-6 | 2.6-3.2 | 5.5-7.5 | 4-5.5 | 0.02-0.03 | 35-55 | 8.5-12.5 | 1.5-2.5 | 0.12-0.20 | 105-210 | 320-520 |
| Layers breeders Pullets, Layers and Male Breeders | 1 week to end | 12,600-15,700 | 3,200-4,800 | 0.069(2) | 55-105(5) | 2.1-5.2 | 2.6-5 | 10.5-15 | 5.2-7 | 0.022-0.05 | 47-66 | 15.8-21 | 2.1-3.4 | 0.26-0.42 | 160-210 | 315-525 |
| Ducks and Geese | 12,600-15,700 | 3,200-5,200 | 0.069 | 42-84 | 3.1-5.2 | 2.1-3.1 | 5.2-7.3 | 5.2-7.3 | 0.022-0.05 | 63-84 | 10.5-15.7 | 1.5-2.1 | 0.21-0.26 | 105-210 | 315-525 | |
| Partridges, quails and pheasants | 12,600-14,100 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.069 | 52-84 | 2.1-4.2 | 2.1-4.2 | 5.2-7.3 | 4.2-6.3 | 0.031-0.052 | 52-84 | 15.7-26.2 | 1.6-2.1 | 0.21-0.26 | 105-210 | 420-630 | |
| Ostrich and emu | 12,600-16,800 | 3,200-4,200 | 0.069 | 42-63 | 2.1-4.2 | 3.1-5.2 | 10.5-21 | 6.3-8.4 | 0.052-0.105 | 84-105 | 12.6-21.0 | 2.1-4.2 | 0.21-0.37 | 210-260 | 630-840 |
2 Add 60 mg/kg CAROPHYLL® Red to improve hatchability. MaxiChick™ (Hy.D® 1,25% and CAROPHYLL® Red) is a dsm-firmenich Patent and Trademark.
3 When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
4 Under heat stress conditions increase level up to 200 mg/kg
5 For optimum immune function increase level up to 300 mg/kg
6 For optimum meat quality increase level up to 200 mg/kg
7 Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or removed
8 Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during processing
Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Poultry.
| Vitamin (active substance) | Unit | Conversion factor active substance form to vitamin form |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) | mg | 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate |
| Vitamin K3 (menadione) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) |
| 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) | ||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) | mg | 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin |
| 1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin | ||
| Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) | mg | 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin |
| Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) | mg | 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | mg | |
| Vitamin C | mg | 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
Added per kg air-dry feed
| Category/Phase | Duration | Vit. A | Vit. D3(2) | 25OHD3 (Hy*D)(2) | Vit. E(3) | Vit. K3 (Menadione) | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12(7) | Niacin | d-Panto thenic acid | Folic acid | Biotin | Vit. C (8)(9) | Choline | ß-carotene |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Fattening pigs Pre-starter | <5 kg | 10,500-22,500 | 1,890-2,100 | 0.05 | 105-160(3) | 8.5-11 | 3.8-5.8 | 10.5-16 | 6.4-8.4 | 0.052-0.072 | 63-84 | 32-52 | 1.6-3.3 | 0.32-0.52 | 210-260 | 525-420 | - |
| Starter | 5-30 kg | 10,500-16,000 | 1,890-2,100 | 0.05 | 105-160(3) | 5.2-6.4 | 3.2-5.2 | 10.5-16 | 6.4-8.4 | 0.042-0.062 | 38-58 | 26-46 | 1.6-2.6 | 0.32-0.52 | 105-210 | 260-420 | - |
| Grower | 30-70 kg | 7,350-10,500 | 1,570-2,100 | 0.05 | 64-105(4) | 2.1-4.2 | 2.1-3.1 | 7.3-10.5 | 2.6-4.7 | 0.032-0.052 | 21-50 | 26-47 | 1.1-1.16 | 0.2-0.4 | - | 15-315 | - |
| Finisher | 70 kg to market | 5,250-8,400 | 1,050-1,570 | 0.05 | 64-105(4) | 2.1-4.2 | 1.1-2.1 | 6.3-10.5 | 2.1-3.7 | 0.032-0.052 | 21-42 | 26-47 | 0.52-1.05 | 0.105-0.21 | - | 105-210 | - |
| Breeders | |||||||||||||||||
| Replacement gilts | - | 10,500-13,100 | 1,900-2,100 | 0.05 | 84-105 | 2.5-4.4 | 1.05-2.2 | 6.3-10.5 | 5.3-8.4 | 0.032-0.052 | 30-50 | 16-33 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.32-0.52 | 210-315 | 270-525 | - |
| Sows | Gestation | 10,500-15,700 | 1,570-2,100 | 0.05 | 105-160(5) | 4.7-5.2 | 2.1-2.6 | 6.3-10.5 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.032-0.052 | 32-47 | 37-42 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.52-0.84 | 210-315 | 525-840 | - |
| Sows | Lactation | 10,500-15,700 | 1,570-2,100 | 0.05 | 105-190(5) | 4.7-5.2 | 2.1-3 | 6.3-10.5 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.032-0.052 | 40-100 | 37-42 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.52-0.84 | 210-315 | 525-840 | 300(8) |
| Boars | - | 10,500-15,700 | 1,570-2,100 | 0.05 | 105-160 | 4.7-5.2 | 1.05-2.2 | 6.3-10.5 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.032-0.052 | 32-47 | 21-33 | 3.7-5.7 | 0.52-0.84 | 210-525 | 525-840 | - |
(1)Added per kg air-dried feed. Local limits need to be observed. OVN® levels are ranges for consideration, depending on several factors, such as husbandry conditions and health status.
(2)When dietary fat is higher than 3% then add 5 mg/kg feed for each 1% dietary fat
(3) For optimum immune function increase level up to 250 mg/kg
(4) For optimum meat quality increase level up to 250 mg/kg for 90 to 120 days before slaughter
(5) For optimum piglet health increase level up to 250 mg/kg during late pregnancy and lactation
(6) Use upper level as reference for animal protein free diets and when cobalt is supplemented at very low levels or remove
(7) Recommended under heat stress condition and to enhance reproductive performance in breeders. Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C35 for reducing loss during feed processing
(8) For improved sow fertility the suggested level must be fed per animal per day immediately after weaning until confirmed conceptio
As the industry and science progressed, DSM launches the new Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines for the Swine industry. Our OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high quality vitamins and support the feed industry in achieving their sustainability goals with the new OVN Optimum Vitamin Nutrition® Guidelines 2022 for Swine.
| Vitamin activity (active substance) | Unit | Conversion factor from active substance to vitamin form |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) | mg | 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate |
| Vitamin K3 (menadione) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | mg | - |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | mg | - |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) | mg | 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin 1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin |
| Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) | mg | 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin |
| Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) | mg | 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | mg | - |
| Vitamin C | mg | 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| β-Carotene | mg | - |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
| Category/Phase | Vit. A(4) | Vit. D3(4) | 250HD3(4) (Hy•D®) | Vit. E | Vit. K3 | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12 | Niacin | Biotin | d-Pantothenic acid | Folic acid | Vit. C | Choline | ß-carotene |
| I.U. | I.U. | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | mg | ||
| Calves Milk replacer (0-3 months) | 20,000 – 32,000 | 2,000 – 4,000 | 150 – 200 | 1.0 – 1.5 | 2.5 – 5.0 | 2.5 – 4.5 | 2.5 – 4.5 | 0.04 – 0.08 | 9.0 – 18.0 | 0.05 – 0.1 | 7.0 – 9.0 | 0.2 – 0.3 | 250 – 500 | 500 – 750 | 100(14) | |
| Starter dry feed | 7,500 – 10,000 | 2,200 – 3,000 | 135 – 200 | |||||||||||||
| Heifers (dairy replacement) Growing | 20,000 – 60,000 | 6,000 – 16,350 | 300 – 500 | 10 –20(12) | 300 – 500(15) | |||||||||||
| 6-4 weeks precalving | 80,000 – 100,000 | 20,000 – 25,000 | 3(5) | 2,000 – 3,000 | 6,000 – 12,000 | 20(12) | 500 – 1,000(16) | |||||||||
| Beef cattle Growing | 25,000 – 50,000 | 6,000 – 9,000 | 200 – 300 | 60 – 250(9) | 10 –20(12) | |||||||||||
| Fattening & finishing | 40,000 – 80,000 | 5,000 – 7,000 | 500-2,000(6) | 60-250(9) | 10 –20(12) | |||||||||||
| Beef cows | 40,000 – 70,000 | 5,000 – 10,000 | 350 – 500 | 20(12) | 300 – 500(15) | |||||||||||
| Dairy cows Dry cows, far-off(2) | 80,000 –120,000 | 25,000 – 30,000 | 1,100 – 4,000(7) | 6,000 – 12,000(11) | 20 – 40(13) | 500 – 1,000(17) | ||||||||||
| Dry cows, close-up(3) | 80,000 – 120,000 | 25,000 – 30,000 | 3(5) | 2,000 – 4,000(7) | 20 – 40(13) | 500 – 1,000(16) | ||||||||||
| Lactation | 100,000 – 150,000 | 25,000 – 40,000 | 1 | 600 – 1,000(8) | 6,000 – 12,000(11) | 20 – 40(13) | 300 – 500(18) | |||||||||
| Breeding bulls | 50,000 – 80,000 | 5,000 – 10,000 | 300 – 500 | 20(12) | ||||||||||||
| Sheep & Goats | 10,000 – 15,000 | 400 – 600 | 300 – 600 | 200(10) | 5(12) | 30 – 50 |
(1) Supplementary amount/head/day
(2) From dry-off to 3 weeks before calving
(3) From 3 weeks before calving to calving
(4) Local limits need to be observed
(5) 3 weeks before calving
(6) Upper level for improved color case-life, 100 to 120 days pre-slaughter
(7) Upper level from 3 weeks pre-partum until 4 weeks post-partum
(8) Upper level for optimum udder health
(9) Upper level for cattle on high concentrate rations
(10) In high concentrate diets
(11) From 2 weeks before parturition until peak lactation
(12) For optimum hoof health and optimum meat marbling
(13) For optimum hoof health and milk yield
(14) For 2 weeks after colostral period
(15) 6-8 weeks before 1st insemination/mating when intake of green forage is low
(16) Lower level 8 weeks before 1st calving, upper level 4 weeks before 1st calving when intake of green forage is low
(17) Lower level during entire dry period (Far-off and Close-Up); upper level 3-4 weeks before calving (close-up only)
(18) Dry and fresh beginning during the dry period until pregnancy is confirmed
Our Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN™) concept is about feeding animals with high quality vitamins in the right amount, appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions. This ensures the optimization of animal health and welfare, performance quality and nutritional value of animal-origin food. Key milestones towards sustainable Ruminant farming. We are intensely engaged in research and development, and we focus on partnering with all important stakeholders - leading scientists, universities, genetics companies, independent research institutes, customers. This enables us to develop and produce a complete line of high-quality vitamins and support the feed industry with the new DSM Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines!
| Vitamin (active substance) | Unit | Conversion factor active substance form to vitamin form |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 250HD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) | mg | 1 μg 250HD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 IU Vitamin E = 1 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate |
| Vitamin K3 (menadione) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2 mg of Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) | mg | 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg Niacin 1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin |
| Vitamin B5 (d-Pantothenic acid) | mg | 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1.087 mg Calcium d-pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | mg | |
| Vitamin B7 (d-Biotin) | mg | 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin |
| Vitamin C | mg | 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| β-carotene | mg |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
Added per kg air-dry feed. Local legal limits need to be observed.
| Category/Phase | Vit. A | Vit. D3 | 250HD3 (Hy•D) | Vit. E | Vit. K3 | Vit. B1 | Vit. B2 | Vit. B6 | Vit. B12 | Niacin | Biotin | Pantothenic acid | Folic acid | Vit. C (6) | Choline | Astaxanthin |
| (IU/kg) | (IU/kg) | (mcg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (Thiamin) mg/kg | (Riboflavin) mg/kg | (Pyridoxine) mg/kg | (Cyanocobalamin) (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | |
| Salmon/Trout(2) | 4,000 – 8,000 | 2,500 – 8,000 | 80 – 800 | 200 – 600(5) | 8 – 12 | 15 – 30 | 25 – 40 | 20 – 35 | 0.17 – 0.25 | 150 – 200 | 1.0 – 1.2 | 40 – 60 | 10 – 15 | 200 – 1,000(7) | 500 – 4,000 | 50 – 100(8) |
| Tilapia(2)(9) | 8,000 – 11,000 | 1,500 – 2,000 | – | 100 – 750 | 5 – 10 | 10 – 20 | 15 – 20 | 15 – 25 | 0.02 – 0.05 | 80 – 120 | 0.5 – 1.0 | 40 – 50 | 10 – 20 | 150 – 1,500 | 600 – 1,200 | |
| Carp(2) | 8,000 – 11,000 | 1,500 – 2,000 | – | 100 – 900 | 5 – 10 | 10 – 20 | 15 – 20 | 15 – 25 | 0.02 – 0.05 | 80 – 120 | 0.5 – 1.0 | 40 – 50 | 4 – 7 | 150 – 400 | 600 – 1,800 | |
| Catfish(2) | 8,000 – 11,000 | 1,500 – 2,000 | – | 100 – 300 | 5 – 10 | 10 – 20 | 15 – 20 | 15 – 25 | 0.02 – 0.05 | 80 – 120 | 0.5 – 1.0 | 40 – 50 | 4 – 7 | 150 – 1,000 | 600 – 1,100 | |
| Seabass/Seabream(2) | 8,000 – 12,000 | 1,700 – 2,200 | – | 200 – 400 | 8 – 12 | 20 – 30 | 20 – 30 | 20 – 25 | 0.1 – 0.2 | 100 –140 | 0.8 – 1.0 | 50 – 100 | 4 – 6 | 150 – 200 | 600 – 1,000 | 50 – 150 |
| Eel(2) | 8,000 – 12,000 | 1,500 – 2,000 | – | 150 – 300 | 3 – 6 | 15 – 25 | 20 – 30 | 10 – 15 | 0.1 – 0.2 | 80 – 120 | 0.3 – 0.5 | 50 – 60 | 4 – 6 | 150 – 900 | 800 – 1,200 | |
| Shrimp(3) | 7,000 – 12,000 | 4,000 – 6,500(4) | – | 150 – 300 | 40 – 60 | 50 – 150 | 40 – 80 | 50 – 175 | 0.02 – 0.05 | 100 – 250 | 1.0 – 2.25 | 100 – 180 | 10 – 20 | 250 – 500 | 600 – 6,500 | 50 – 200 |
(2) Amount to be increased by 30% for fry and broodstock
(3) At low stock density (<10pl/m2) the lower levels are recommended
(4) upper level for low salinity rearing
(5) Additional 200 mg/kg may be required to optimise flesh quality dependent on dietary fat levels
(6) Use ROVIMIX® STAY-C®35 for reducing losses during processing
(7) During winter feeding for wound healing and immune function: total 1000 mg/kg feed
(8) For flesh pigmentation
(9) Amount to be increased by 30-50% during winter period
| Vitamin (active substance) | Unit | Conversion factor (active substance form to vitamin form) |
| Vitamin A (retinol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin A = 0.344 μg Vitamin A acetate (retinyl acetate) |
| Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | IU | 1 IU Vitamin D3 = 0.025 μg Vitamin D3 |
| 25OHD3 (25 hydroxy- cholecalciferol) | mg | 1 μg 25OHD3 = 40 IU Vitamin D3 |
| Vitamin E (tocopherol) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin E = 1 mg dl-α-Tocopheryl acetate |
| Vitamin K3 (menadione) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin K3 = 2.3 mg of Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | mg | 1 mg of Vitamin B1 = 1.088 mg of Thiamine mononitrate |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | mg | 1 mg Vitamin B6 = 1.215 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | mg | |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | mg | 1 mg Nicotinic acid = 1 mg niacin 1 mg Nicotinamide (or Niacinamide) = 1 mg Niacin |
| Vitamin H or B7 (D-Biotin) | mg | 1 mg of Biotin = 1 mg D-Biotin |
| Vitamin B5 (D-Pantothenic acid) | mg | 1 mg d-Pantothenic acid = 1,087 mg Calcium d-Pantothenate or 2.174 mg Calcium dl-pantothenate |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | mg | |
| Vitamin C | mg | 1 mg Vitamin C = 1 mg L-Ascorbic acid |
| Astaxanthin | IU |
Download the latest vitamin supplementation guidelines for balanced animal nutrition.
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